1. Right to a Fair Hearing

• Audi Alteram Partem: This principle asserts that both sides should be heard before a decision is made. It emphasizes the importance of allowing individuals the opportunity to present their case and respond to any allegations against them.

2. Impartiality

• Nemo Judex in Causa Sua: This principle states that no one should be a judge in their own case. Decision-makers must be impartial and free from bias, ensuring fairness in the adjudicative process.

3. Transparency

• Open Proceedings: Natural justice requires that processes be conducted transparently. This allows parties to understand how decisions are made and to ensure accountability.

4. Reasoned Decisions

• Duty to Provide Reasons: Decision-makers should provide clear and reasoned explanations for their decisions. This helps parties understand the basis of the decision and enhances the legitimacy of the process.

5. Right to Representation

• Legal Representation: Parties often have the right to be represented by legal counsel or an advocate during proceedings. This ensures that individuals can adequately present their case.

6. Equality of Arms

• Balanced Opportunity: All parties should have equal opportunities to present their cases. This includes access to evidence and the ability to challenge the opposing side’s arguments.

7. Timeliness

• Promptness of Proceedings: Natural justice requires that proceedings are conducted without unnecessary delay, allowing parties to receive a timely resolution to their disputes.

8. Right to Appeal

• Access to Review: Parties should have the right to appeal or seek a review of decisions that affect them, ensuring a mechanism for correction of any errors made in the initial process.

These principles are fundamental in ensuring fairness and justice in legal and administrative proceedings.

9. Speaking Orders or Reasoned Decisions

• This principle requires that decisions should be accompanied by reasons. This helps to ensure transparency and accountability in the decision-making process. It also allows individuals to understand the basis of the decision and to challenge it if necessary.

These principles are essential for ensuring that justice is administered fairly and impartially. They are applied in a wide range of contexts, including administrative law, disciplinary proceedings, and judicial review.