Key Sections Explained

Qualification, Criteria, Competency & Number of Witnesses

Sections 3-17

• Deals with the qualifications of witnesses, criteria for competency, and the required number of witnesses for different types of evidence.

Exceptions/Privileges

Sections 4-14

• Covers exceptions and privileges related to certain types of evidence or specific circumstances.

Protection of Witnesses

Section 15

• Ensures protection for witnesses involved in legal proceedings.

Accomplice/Approver

Section 16

• Defines the competency and role of an accomplice or approver in providing evidence.

Competency and Number of Witnesses

Section 17

• Further elaborates on competency issues and the number of witnesses required in specific situations.

Facts in Issue & Relevant Facts

Sections 18-29

• Details what constitutes facts in issue and relevant facts in the context of legal evidence.

Doctrine of Res Gestae

Section 19

• Explains the doctrine of Res Gestae, which pertains to spontaneous declarations related to the principal act.

Motive behind Commission of Acts

Section 21

• Discusses the relevance of motive in establishing the commission of acts in legal proceedings.

Identification Parade

Section 22

• Procedures and rules governing identification parades for identifying suspects or accused persons.

Plea of Alibi

Section 24

• How the plea of alibi is dealt with in evidence law, focusing on proving the absence of an accused person from the scene of the crime.

Admission

Sections 30-36

• Explores the concept of admission as an exception to the general rule against hearsay evidence.

Confession

Sections 37-43

• Covers the admissibility and rules regarding confessions made by accused persons.

Dying Declaration

Section 46

• Rules and conditions under which a dying person’s statement is admissible as evidence.

Only Relevant Part of Statement to be Proved

Section 53

• Specifies that only relevant parts of a statement need to be proved in legal proceedings.

Res Judicata, etc.

Section 54

• Explains principles like Res Judicata that govern the finality of judgments in legal disputes.

Declaration, etc.

Section 55

• Deals with the admissibility of declarations and their evidentiary value in legal proceedings.

Judgment Obtained by Way of Fraud, etc.

Section 58

• Addresses situations where judgments are obtained through fraudulent means and their implications in evidence law.

Opinion of Expert

Sections 59-65

• Rules governing the admissibility and weight of expert opinions in legal proceedings.

Proof of Handwriting, Signature, etc.

Sections 61, 78, 84

• Procedures and standards for proving the authenticity of handwriting, signatures, and related matters.

Oral Evidence

Sections 70-71

• Covers the admissibility and rules governing oral evidence in legal proceedings.

Primary Evidence

Section 73

• Explains what constitutes primary evidence and its admissibility.

Secondary Evidence

Section 74

• Covers situations where secondary evidence can be admitted when primary evidence is unavailable.

Public Documents

Section 85

• Defines public documents and their admissibility in legal proceedings.

Private Documents

Section 86

• Deals with the admissibility and proof of private documents in legal proceedings.

Presumptions as to Documents

Sections 90-101, 129

• Lists various presumptions related to the authenticity and validity of documents in evidence law.

Facts Need not to be Proved

Sections 111-113

• Specifies certain facts that need not be proved in legal proceedings.

Estoppel

Section 114

• Explains the principle of estoppel and its application in evidence law.

Burden of Proof

Section 127

• Defines the burden of proof and its implications in legal proceedings.

Legitimacy of Child

Section 128

• Deals with the presumption of legitimacy of a child born during wedlock.

Mode of Examining Witness

Section 132

• Specifies the manner and rules for examining witnesses in legal proceedings.

Leading Questions

Sections 136-138

• Rules governing the use of leading questions during examination of witnesses.

Hostile Witness

Section 150

• Addresses situations where a witness is declared hostile and its implications.

Impeaching Credit of Witness

Section 151

• Covers methods to challenge or impeach the credibility of a witness.

Refreshing Memory

Section 155

• Allows witnesses to refresh their memory while testifying in legal proceedings.

Judge may Put Question

Section 161

• Empowers judges to intervene and ask questions to clarify facts during legal proceedings.

Evidence through Modern Devices

Section 164

• Allows for the admissibility of evidence obtained through modern technological devices.